Basheer A. Abraheem; Tareq K. Masood; Bushra SH. J. Alobaidy; Ammar Al-Zubade
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 1-15
Abstract
Maintaining hormonal balance in plants is a significant challenge, and it becomes even more critical under environmental stress conditions, which lead to plant stress, whether biotic or abiotic. This is because plant hormones, in conjunction with other molecular signals, determine the direction of growth ...
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Maintaining hormonal balance in plants is a significant challenge, and it becomes even more critical under environmental stress conditions, which lead to plant stress, whether biotic or abiotic. This is because plant hormones, in conjunction with other molecular signals, determine the direction of growth (increase or decrease), its extent (cell number and size), its nature (vegetative or reproductive), and the plant's response to the surrounding environmental conditions. This makes hormonal imbalance a critical existential challenge for plants. The increase in CO2 has multiple effects on hormonal balance and, consequently, on plant growth and productivity. It boosts hormones that promote vegetative growth while reducing inhibitors, stimulating important processes such as chlorophyll production and preservation from degradation, enhancing photosynthesis efficiency, improving nutrient absorption from the soil, maintaining water balance, and increasing the efficiency of transport processes within the plant. This results in an increase in the biomass produced per unit area, which is beneficial. However, it could also lead to excessive vegetative growth, shading of lower leaves, and a delay in reaching the reproductive growth stage, potentially reducing the harvest index despite an increase in total dry matter. Although increased CO2 enhances the plant’s tolerance to heat stress, elevated temperatures do not only represent heat stress but also water stress due to rapid evaporation. This can lead to soil salinization because salt accumulation causes ionic and oxidative stress. This imbalance in hormonal, nutritional, and oxidative systems is difficult to predict with precision, but it generally represents a disruption in the system that hinders the plant's healthy growth. Additionally, it increases the plant's susceptibility to serious fungal diseases. Therefore, addressing the increase in CO2 using all available means is a necessity, not a luxury. Permanent changes in the climate may occur that cannot be reversed, such as large floods, hurricanes, wildfires, droughts, dust storms, and the resulting famines and compounded disasters.
Tara Abubakr Mohammed; Rekawt Rahman Ismaiel
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 16-28
Abstract
The experiment was conducted during the fall of 2024 in Darato, southeast of Erbil, at a location with a latitude of 36°7'9.402"N, longitude of 44°4'2.922"E, and an altitude of 449 meters above sea level. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of three nitrogen fertilizer levels (150, 200, and ...
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The experiment was conducted during the fall of 2024 in Darato, southeast of Erbil, at a location with a latitude of 36°7'9.402"N, longitude of 44°4'2.922"E, and an altitude of 449 meters above sea level. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of three nitrogen fertilizer levels (150, 200, and 250 kg ha⁻¹) on forage yield and yield components of two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.): hybrid H1 (Jimson) and hybrid H2 (Safa). A factorial experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results presented that at N 150 kg ha-1, H2F1 produced the maximum total fresh yield (144.30 t ha-1) and number of rows per ear (13.8), whereas H2F3 produced the highest total dry yield (51.61 t ha-1) at nitrogen 250kg ha-1. Additionally, the maximum plant height and ear weight per plant were recorded by H1 at (167.68 cm and 61.01g) respectively. Nitrogen fertilizers vary greatly in terms of ear weight per plant; 150 kg ha-1 produced the maximum ear weight (63.64 g), whereas 200 kg ha-1 produced the highest ear length and 1000 kernel weight (24.66 cm and 391.33 g), respectively. More research may be done to find out how nitrogen treatments affect maize development, yield, and yield component at varying rates.
Dilan Rizgar Hadi; Sumaya Ahmed Abdullah; Bahra Sherko Xalil; Darya Oghuz Siso; Ahmad Hshyar Sabri
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 29-37
Abstract
The experiment was carried out at the Grdarasha Research Station of the Agricultural Engineering Sciences College-Salahaddin University-Erbil during the growing season 2023–2024. With three repetitions, a field experiment was conducted as a factorial using randomized complete block design (RCBD). ...
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The experiment was carried out at the Grdarasha Research Station of the Agricultural Engineering Sciences College-Salahaddin University-Erbil during the growing season 2023–2024. With three repetitions, a field experiment was conducted as a factorial using randomized complete block design (RCBD). Three chickpea varieties (Hazarmerd, Sham, and TH85), and three chickpea depths (3, 5, and 7) cm was used. Variety TH85 with D3 and D7 exhibit superior interaction, as evidenced by the maximum protein output. However, the Hazarmerd type has a higher protein content (%). In addition, TH85 variety outperformed Hazarmerd and Sham types in every category except weight of 1000 seeds and protein. The maximum correlation was obtained between no. of pods with seed yield. although, the higher correlation found from biological yield with protein yield then higher in protein and protein yield.
Ammar Abdullah Mohammad Al-Jumaili; Salam Naji Hamagharib Rojbayany
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 38-54
Abstract
The experiment aimed to investigate the effect of spraying a combination of glutamic acid and arginine (0 glutamic + 0 arginine, 200 mg L⁻¹ glutamic and 200 mg L⁻¹ arginine, 100 mg L⁻¹ glutamic + 100 mg L⁻¹ arginine, 100 mg L⁻¹ glutamic + 200 mg L⁻¹ arginine, ...
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The experiment aimed to investigate the effect of spraying a combination of glutamic acid and arginine (0 glutamic + 0 arginine, 200 mg L⁻¹ glutamic and 200 mg L⁻¹ arginine, 100 mg L⁻¹ glutamic + 100 mg L⁻¹ arginine, 100 mg L⁻¹ glutamic + 200 mg L⁻¹ arginine, 200 mg L⁻¹ glutamic + 100 mg L⁻¹ arginine, and 200 mg L⁻¹ glutamic + 200 mg L⁻¹ arginine) on nine wheat genotypes (Al-Fayyad, Mawaddah, Buhouth 22, Babylon 113, Gomeza 9, Giza 164, Sakha 61, Sakha 95, and Misr 3), focusing on yield, extraction percentage, ash content, and Pelshinki test, as well as farinograph tests (water absorption percentage, dough development time, stability, and departure time). A complete randomized block design with split plots was used, where the main plots included the combinations of glutamic acid and arginine. The results showed significant influence of the introduced genotypes (Misr 3, Gomeza 9, and Giza 164) Compared other genotypes. For the yield trait, the genotype Gomeza 9 exhibited the highest average (7.95 tons ha⁻¹), followed by Misr 3 and Giza 164 with averages of (7.88 and 7.85 tons ha⁻¹, respectively). The genotype Misr 3 also showed significant superiority in the extraction percentage, ash content, Pelshinki test, and farinograph tests (water absorption percentage, dough development time, stability, and departure time) with averages of (79.26%, 2.00%, 119.61 minutes, 67.22%, 4.78 minutes, 3.27 minutes, and 8.05 minutes) in that order. The spraying treatment (200 mg L⁻¹ glutamic acid + 200 mg L⁻¹ arginine) was influence for all studied traits. The interaction between the study factors indicated that the genotype Misr 3 significantly outperformed the other genotypes. Therefore, future attention can be given to these two introduced genotypes with replanting in different seasons and locations to determine their stability within the region and its environmental conditions.
Kharman Mohammed Pirdwad; Ali Mala Khedir Galalaey
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 55-65
Abstract
During the growth season 2023–2024 Grdarasha Field was the site of the field experiment in the Erbil region at Salahaddin University's College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences. The GPS reading was 415.8 meters above sea level, with latitude 36.10116 ◦N and longitude 44.00925 ◦ E.W. The ...
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During the growth season 2023–2024 Grdarasha Field was the site of the field experiment in the Erbil region at Salahaddin University's College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences. The GPS reading was 415.8 meters above sea level, with latitude 36.10116 ◦N and longitude 44.00925 ◦ E.W. The purpose of the factorial experiment was to estimate the critical period of weed control (CPWC) in Brassica napus L. and the impact of various types of periodic weed interference on winter canola growth, yield, and yield component. Three replications and one factor of treatments were used to arrange the treatments in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Weeds were manually removed from the crop at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days following the emergence of canola. In each block, one weed free and weed infested control was for all the growing season. The findings indicated that 1000 seed weight and number of siliqua per plant was unaffected by periodic weed interference, and that the leaf area, plant height, main and lateral branches, number of seeds per siliqua, siliqua length, harvest index, biological yield and seed yield all significantly dereased as the duration of weed interference increased. Seed yield was significantly impacted and diminished by prolonged weed interference. According to the study, after (90 days after emergence) duration 6 and weed-infested plots produced much less, at 886.5 kg and 599.0 kg per hectare, but weed-free plots produced 3177.5 kg per hectare. The occurrence of weeds during the entire growing season led to a reduction of 74.71 percent in seed yield when compared to the plots that without of weeds. The critical period for competition between weeds and the canola crop was identified as occurring between the 4 to 6 leaf stages at duration 2 (30 days after emergence).
Zahra S. Muhammed; Bahar J. Mahmood; Shaee A. Ghareeb; Narmin A. Saeed
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 66-79
Abstract
Seed specimen was collected from field trial to the evaluation of three Niger cultivars based on their seed physical properties, oil chemical composition, and anatomical characteristics. The results showed that significant genotypic variability was observed across these varieties and their studied physical, ...
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Seed specimen was collected from field trial to the evaluation of three Niger cultivars based on their seed physical properties, oil chemical composition, and anatomical characteristics. The results showed that significant genotypic variability was observed across these varieties and their studied physical, chemical, and anatomical traits. The cultivars parameters referred that the mature seeds are usually composed of three cell layers (seed coat, seed embryo, and Endosperm). The results of lab analysis revealed substantial variability, with crude protein content ranging from (21.32 to 23.45) g/100 g-1, ash content from (3.03 to 4.45) g/100 g-1, while the highest value for fiber content was (21.40) g/100 g-1 that obtained in the Karal cultivar. Microscopic images indicated that seeds from the Animax cultivar had maximum values for three axial and area compared to the other cultivars. The geometric mean diameter and arithmetic diameter ranged from (0.70 to 1.76) and (0.23 to 0.59) mm respectively. Significant differences were detected in fatty acid profiles among the evaluated cultivars. 'Benglanuglue' cultivar exhibited the highest concentrations of oleic and linolenic acids of (8.12 and 18.43) %, while the 'Animax' cultivar demonstrated the highest levels of linoleic acid (24.16%. These findings suggest that both cultivars possess favorable fatty acid compositions for potential culinary applications. Among the evaluated cultivars, 'Karal' exhibited the most favorable profile for direct culinary applications, characterized by the lowest palmitic acid content. Furthermore, both 'Karal' and 'Animax' cultivars demonstrated reduced levels of palmitic and stearic acids. All evaluated cultivars exhibit potential for contributing on the enhancement of oil quality across the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Consequently, these cultivars are required to test over other sites belong to the given region.
Sebar D. Abdulazeez; Rabar Fatah Salih
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 80-89
Abstract
This study aims to the impacts of organic manures and NPK fertilizers on the growth of plants, lyield, and yield components during the winter growing season of 2023-2024 at the Gardarasha Field, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil. A factorial randomized complete ...
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This study aims to the impacts of organic manures and NPK fertilizers on the growth of plants, lyield, and yield components during the winter growing season of 2023-2024 at the Gardarasha Field, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil. A factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used to evaluate the single and combined effects of three levels of manure (0, 10, and 20 t ha⁻¹) and NPK (0, 50, and 100 kg ha⁻¹). The results showed that moderate manure treatment (10 t ha⁻¹) combined with 50 kg ha⁻¹ NPK significantly boosted growth parameters, including plant height, stem diameter, and technical stem length, while maximizing yield components such as total fresh yield (131.53 g) and seed yield (35.70 g). Additionally, both above yield parameters were significantly improvised when organic manure was added at the rate of 10 kg ha-1 (101.18 and 25.72 g), respectively, while it was dropped to (74.21 and 16.36 g), respectively when NPK was added at the rate of (100 kg ha-1). This combination lowers environmental hazards and production costs, promoting sustainable and productive flax agriculture. The compost analysis shows a carbon content of 21.04% and a nitrogen content of 1.05%, for a C/N ratio of approximately 20:1, which is optimum for compost maturity and nutrient release. This balance improves soil fertility and nutrient uptake, promoting plant development
Waleed K. S. Al-Juheishy; Mohammed A. Abdulateef; Ahmed M. A. Almashhadany
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 90-101
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2021-2022 in two sites, in Field Crops Department - College of Agriculture and Forestry/ University of Mosul and other in Badoush Dam site, to assess response of three varieties of rapeseed to foliar spraying of zinc and its impact on the qualities ...
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A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2021-2022 in two sites, in Field Crops Department - College of Agriculture and Forestry/ University of Mosul and other in Badoush Dam site, to assess response of three varieties of rapeseed to foliar spraying of zinc and its impact on the qualities of growth and yield. The experiment was applied in a split plot design. With three replications according to Randomized complete Block Design, as the main Plot contained three verities of rapeseed (Pactol, Srew, Rendy), while the secondary Plot contained three concentrations of zinc (0, 25, 50 mg L-1). The findings showed that the Pactol variety give the tallest mean height of plant. Conversely, the Srew variety gave the most branches on for plant, siliques number for plant, a thousand seeds' weight, plant yield, oil percentage, oil yield and for both sites. Findings indicated 25 mg L-1 concentration, which yielded the tallest mean plant height, branch number for plant and oil percentage. On the contrary, zinc concentration resulted in 50 mg L-1, which amounted to the maximum overall mean dry weight of plant, siliques number for plant, seed number for silique, a thousand seeds' weight, seed yield and oil yield for both sites. The findings also established that the cultivation of the Srew variety, complemented by zinc at 50 mg L-1 concentration, yielded the highest outcomes concerning the dry weight of the plant in the dam site, siliques number for plant, seed yield and oil yield in both sites.
Lamiaa K. Al-Amery; Zainab J. Al-Mousawi; Ali Ali
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 102-112
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of kinetin and coconut milk on the formation of micro tubers in potato plants and their content of medically active compounds in vitro. The experiment was carried out in the Plant Biology Laboratory of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Unit, ...
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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of kinetin and coconut milk on the formation of micro tubers in potato plants and their content of medically active compounds in vitro. The experiment was carried out in the Plant Biology Laboratory of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Unit, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq. during the period from March 1, 2024, to December 15, 2024. Potato tuber explants were surface-sterilized with 6% sodium hypochlorite solution to eliminate contaminants before culture.The resulting shoots were then transferred to MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L⁻¹ BA to promote shoot multiplication and growth.The obtained shoots were segmented into nodal cuttings and cultured in MS medium containing four kinetin levels (0, 2.5, 5, 7 mg L⁻¹) in combination with four concentrations of coconut milk (0, 50, 75, 100 ml L⁻¹) to induce microtuber formation and enhance the production of certain medically active compounds. The results demonstrated the superiority of the interaction treatment between kinetin and coconut milk (K₂C₂) in improving the studied traits, as it recorded the highest values for microtuber number, diameter, fresh weight, and dry matter content. Furthermore, this treatment contributed to an increase in the percentage of protein and starch, Moreoverthe stimulation of the production of two medically active compounds, lutein, and Xanthine.
Salah Hamid Jumaa; Imad Shaaban Hassan
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 113-127
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the Field Crops Research Station, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the summer of 2024 to study the effect of planting dates and soybean Varieties on growth traits and yield. The experiment included eight Varieties and three planting dates (May 15, ...
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A field experiment was conducted at the Field Crops Research Station, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the summer of 2024 to study the effect of planting dates and soybean Varieties on growth traits and yield. The experiment included eight Varieties and three planting dates (May 15, June 5, and June 25) using a Randomized Complete Block Design.Results showed that the June 5 planting date outperformed others, recording the highest plant height (82.34 cm), leaf area (825.78 cm² plant⁻¹), number of pods, seeds per pod, and seed yield (5.97 tons ha⁻¹). The "Shimaa" variety showed the best performance, achieving the highest seed yield (6.44 tons ha⁻¹). The interaction between planting date and variety was significant, with "Shimaa" planted on June 5 yielding the highest values in growth and productivity, reaching 6.87 tons ha⁻¹ of seed yield.